I-Invisible Guardian: Indlela Abavelisi Bekhabhinethi Yokhuseleko Lwekhemikhali Eyenziwe Ngokwesiko Abakhusela Ngayo Iindawo Zokusebenza

I-Invisible Guardian: Indlela Abavelisi Bekhabhinethi Yokhuseleko Lwekhemikhali Eyenziwe Ngokwesiko Abakhusela Ngayo Iindawo Zokusebenza
Iikhabhathi zokhuseleko zeekhemikhali eziqhelekileyo—uhlobo olutsalwa ngqo kwishelufu yokubonelela ngempahla yemizi-mveliso—zidla ngokucingelwa ukuba “zilungile ngokwaneleyo.” Zibukeka ziqinile, zineelebheli zesilumkiso, kwaye ziphawula ibhokisi kuluhlu lokuthobela imithetho. Kodwa kwiindawo zokwenyani zokusebenza, zihlala zisilela apho kubaluleke khona: ukhuseleko lokwenyani.
Kwilabhoratri yekhemistri yeyunivesithi enye, ikhabhathi eyenziwe ngobuninzi yayigcina i-sulfuric acid exineneyo. Xa isitya savuza, ikhabhathi yayingenazo izinto zokuthintela ukuchitheka. I-asidi yangena, yonakalisa ezinye izikhongozeli, yakrola umgangatho wekhonkrithi, yaza yanyanzela ukuba ilebhu ivalwe iiyure ezimbini. Ngethamsanqa, akukho mntu wenzakeleyo—kodwa umyalezo wawucacile. Elo khabhathi yayingesosisombululo sokhuseleko. Yayiyindawo yokugcina nje enesitikha sesilumkiso. Yayingenazo iinkcukacha ezithintela iziganeko ukuba zingabi ziintlekele: ulawulo olufanelekileyo lokuchitheka, umoya wokungenisa umoya kwimisi ebolileyo, kunye nokwahlulwa kweekhemikhali ezingahambelaniyo.
Iikhabhathi zokhuseleko lweekhemikhali zibalulekile kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, kuquka iifektri ezigcina izinyibilikisi zoshishino, iilabhoratri zophando zeyunivesithi eziphatha ii-reagents, amagumbi esayensi esikolo ane-ethanol, kunye neelabhoratri zesibhedlele eziphatha izinto eziyingozi. Indawo nganye ineenkqubo zayo zemihla ngemihla, indibaniselwano yeekhemikhali, kunye nemiqathango yoyilo. Ezi nyani azinakwamkelwa yikhabhathi enobukhulu obufanayo, ehlala inyanzela abasebenzi ukuba bangayisebenzisi ikhabhathi endaweni yokuba bazuze kuyo.

Abavelisi beekhabhathi zokhuseleko lweekhemikhali ezenziwe ngokwezifiso benza okungaphezulu nje kokwenza izivalo zentsimbi. Emva kokuphanda ngokuziphatha kwabantu, imida yendawo, kunye neekhemikhali, benza iikhabhathi ezidityaniswe ngokungenamthungo kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla. Aba bavelisi bangaphezulu nje kokuba ngababoneleli kubaphathi bokhuseleko kunye nabalawuli beziko; basebenzisana ekunciphiseni umngcipheko, benceda ekuguquleni imithetho enyanzelekileyo ibe lukhuselo olusebenzayo kwimeko yengxakeko.

Iingozi Ezifihlakeleyo Zokhuseleko Lweekhabhinethi Ezilingana Nobukhulu Obunye
Iikhabhathi eziqhelekileyo zidla ngokusilela ngeendlela ezimbalwa ezifanayo—kwaye ezo mpazamo zibonakala zilungile zezona zinto zibalulekileyo kukhuseleko.
Ingxaki yokuqala yindawo. Ikhabhathi yokhuseleko eqhelekileyo enobubanzi beenyawo ezine ingabonakala intle ephepheni, kodwa kwifektri yokwenyani ayihlali ilingana nomgca wemveliso. Xa oko kusenzeka, abasebenzi baphoqeleka ukuba bahambe imigama emide—ngamanye amaxesha ngaphezulu kweenyawo ezingama-50—ngexesha bephethe izikhongozeli zesisombululo esinzima. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oko kukhokelela ekudinweni, kwiindlela ezimfutshane, nakwisilingo sokwenene sokushiya iikhemikhali ngaphandle ngobusuku bonke “kanye nje.” Ukukhululeka kuqala ukugqitha ukhuseleko.
Ingxaki yesibini yindlela ezi khabhathi ezisingatha ngayo iikhemikhali ezahlukeneyo. Iimodeli ezininzi eziqhelekileyo zisebenzisa indawo enye evulekileyo, oko kuthetha ukuba izinto ezinokutsha, izinto ezibolayo, izinto ezixidisayo, kunye nezinyibilikisi zonke zigcina zabelana ngendawo enye. Kwileyibhile, oko kusenokubonakala ngathi kukugcinwa okuhambelanayo, kodwa ngokwesiqhelo kuyingozi. Ukuvuza okuncinci obekufanele ukuba akunabungozi kunokubangela ingozi yomlilo ngequbuliso okanye kubangele impendulo eyingozi yeekhemikhali.
Ukusilela kwesithathu kuyilo olubatyeshelayo abantu abasebenzisa ikhabhinethi ngokwenene. Kwiilabhoratri zesikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, iikhabhinethi ezinde zihlala zinyanzela abafundi ukuba bakhwele kwizitulo ukuze bafikelele kwiikhemikhali ezisisiseko. Yongeza iingcango ezingakhuselekanga ebantwaneni ezingekhoyo okanye ezidalwe kakubi, kwaye umngcipheko uyanda ngakumbi—ingakumbi xa kukho abafundi abancinci okanye iindwendwe.
Ezi azizo ziphene zincinci kuyilo. Zizikhewu eziphazamisa ukhuseleko yonke imihla, ziguqula indawo yokugcina izinto ibe yingxaki eqhubekayo.

Yintoni Eyenza Ikhabhinethi Yokhuseleko Lwekhemikhali Eyenziwe Ngokwesiko “Ilungele Indawo Yokusebenza”?
Isiseko seekhabhathi zokhuseleko lweekhemikhali ezenziwe ngokwezifiso yingcamango ecacileyo yokuba ukhuseleko alufanele lukunyanzele ukuba utshintshe iindlela zakho zokusebenza. Abavelisi abaphambili baqala ngokumamela iinkqubo zeqela lakho, indawo okuyo, kunye neekhemikhali zakho ngaphambi kokuba bayile iikhabhathi ezibonelela ngokhuseleko ngaphandle kokuba ziphazamise. Iimpawu ezingaxoxiswaniyo ezizahlula zezi zilandelayo:
1. Izinto ezihambelana neekhemikhali zakho:
Nangona intsimbi ibonakala iqinile, iikhemikhali ezininzi azicingi ngendlela efanayo. Izinto ezirhabaxa ezinamandla ezifana ne-hydrochloric okanye i-sulfuric acid zinokutshabalalisa intsimbi eqhelekileyo kancinci kancinci, ngamanye amaxesha kwiinyanga ezimbalwa. Okuqala njengokuwohloka komphezulu okuncinci kukhula kube kukuvuza, iindawo ezibuthathaka, kunye neekhabhathi ezingakhuselekanga.
Abavelisi beekhabhathi zokhuseleko banokunceda ngokwenene kule meko. Bakhetha izinto ngokweekhemikhali ezithile ezibanjiweyo endaweni yokusebenzisa isinyithi esinye kuyo yonke into. Iikhemikhali zokucoca ezixutyiweyo kunye ne-corrosives ethambileyo zilungele intsimbi egayiweyo. Intsimbi engagqwaliyo yebanga lama-316 inika ukumelana okukhulu kwii-asidi ezinzima njenge-nitric acid kwiindawo zelebhu. Ukongeza, iikhabhathi ze-polypropylene zezona zikhuselekileyo kwiikhemikhali ezifana ne-hydrofluoric acid ezonakalisa isinyithi ngokupheleleyo.
Ngokufanisa izinto zekhabhinethi nekhemikhali engaphakathi, ukugqwala kuyasuswa kakhulu. Kwiilabhoratri ezininzi, iikhabhinethi zentsimbi engagqwaliyo ezenziwe ngokwezifiso zihlala zingenamhlwa kangangeminyaka emihlanu nangaphezulu, ngelixa iikhabhinethi zentsimbi eziqhelekileyo zihlala zifuna ukutshintshwa emva konyaka omnye okanye emibini. Akupheleli nje ekuqineni—kukuthintela ukusilela ngaphambi kokuba kwenzeke.
2. Uyilo lweKhabinethi oluQhelekileyo oluKhulisa uKhuseleko kwiindawo eziNcinci:
Iipaseji zelebhu ezimxinwa, iikhabhathi zezityalo eziphantsi, iindawo ezingonwabisiyo ezikufutshane neendawo zokusebenzela, kunye namagumbi esikolo anesithuba esincinci eludongeni zezinye zemizekelo embalwa yeemilo ezahlukeneyo ezinokuthathwa ziindawo zokusebenzela. Abenzi bezinto ezenziwe ngokwezifiso bakha imilinganiselo echanekileyo: iikhabhathi zeekona zisebenzisa iindawo ezifileyo apho iiyunithi eziqhelekileyo zingenakufikelelwa; iikhabhathi ezincinci ezingama-24 intshi ububanzi zilingana neepaseji ezincinci zelebhu, kwaye iiyunithi ezinokupakishwa ziphinda kane indawo yokugcina ngaphandle kokwandisa indawo yomgangatho. Iikhabhathi ezenziwe ngokwezifiso zilingana nendawo njengoko zenzelwe yona (kuba zenjenjalo), ngoko ke ilabhoratri enesithuba seenyawo ezi-3 phakathi kwee-fume hood ayifuni ukubeka izixhobo zayo endaweni entsha. Iikhemikhali zigcinwa kufutshane nokusetyenziswa kwazo ngenxa yolu yilo longa indawo, olunciphisa ukuthwala kunye nomngcipheko.

3. Ukwahlulwahlulwa kweekhemikhali ukuze zihambelane;
Kunokuba yintlekele ukugcina iikhemikhali ezingahambelaniyo kunye kuba ii-oxidizer kunye nezinyibilikisi zinokutsha, kwaye izinto ezivuthayo kunye nezinto ezivuthayo zinokusabela. Amaqela ayanyanzeleka ukuba aphule imithetho yokhuseleko ukuze afake zonke iikhemikhali zawo kuba iikhabhathi eziqhelekileyo zinegumbi elinye elikhulu kuphela. Amacandelo amabini okanye amathathu aneengcango ezahlukeneyo kunye neetreyi zokuchitheka yindlela abavelisi abajongana ngayo nale nto. I-OSHA ifuna izinto zokuthintela umlilo kwiindawo ezinokutsha, ii-linings ezinganyangekiyo kwiikhemikhali kwiindawo ezinokutsha, kunye neengcango ezivaliweyo zee-oxidizer ukuthintela ukuxubana komphunga. Ukuthobela imithetho akusekho msebenzi kuba abasebenzi banokufikelela ngokukhuselekileyo kuhlobo ngalunye ngaphandle kokudibanisa izinto ezingafanelekanga.

4. Ukuthobela imithetho okwakhelwe ngaphakathi:
Imithetho yokhuseleko lweekhemikhali (i-OSHA eMelika, i-WHMIS eKhanada) ingqongqo, kwaye iikhabhinethi eziqhelekileyo zihlala zithatha imali emfutshane ukuze kongiwe imali. Imizekelo ibandakanya izinto zokuthintela umlilo ezilahlekileyo kwizinto ezinokutsha, iitreyi zokuchitha ezizalisa ngaphantsi kwe-10% yekhabhinethi, okanye iilebhile ezingacacanga. Ukuthobela imithetho kubandakanywa kuzo zonke iinkalo ngabavelisi abazenzela ngokwezifiso: iingcango ezizivalayo ezigunyazisiweyo yi-OSHA kunye nezithinteli zomlilo, iitreyi zokuchitha ubungakanani bekhabhinethi, kunye neelebhile ezifanayo "zeCorrosives" okanye "zeFlammables". Ngokunikezela ngamaxwebhu esiqinisekiso sokuhlolwa, baguqula ukujonga okusemthethweni ukusuka kwiinkqubo ezinzima ukuya ekusayinweni ngokukhawuleza. Ukuhlolwa kwe-OSHA kwelebhu eyayisebenzisa iikhabhinethi ezenziwe ngokwezifiso kwakha kwathatha imizuzu elishumi; abahloli babona iindawo ezineelebhile, baqinisekisa isatifikethi, baza baqhubeka.

Iingenelo Zokusebenza Nomenzi Wekhabhinethi Yokhuseleko Lwekhemikhali Olwenzelwe Wena
Ukudala indawo ekhuselekileyo nekrelekrele ngakumbi yinjongo yokusebenza nomenzi weekhabhathi zokhuseleko lweekhemikhali ezenziwe ngokwezifiso, kungekuphela nje ukufumana indawo yokugcina iikhemikhali. Nangona iikhabhathi eziqhelekileyo zinoku "bamba" iikhemikhali zakho ngokwethiyori, zihlala zingasebenzi kakuhle kwizicelo ezisebenzayo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iikhabhathi ezenziwe ngokwezifiso zenzelwe ukulingana ngokuchanekileyo nendawo yakho, zibambe iikhemikhali ezichanekileyo ozifunayo, kwaye zenze kube lula kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla ekhuselekileyo nelula.
Zineempawu ezicingisiswe kakuhle ezifana neetreyi zokuchitha ezakhelwe ngaphakathi, iinkqubo zokungenisa umoya ezidibana ngokulula nokuseta kwelebhu yakho, kunye namacandelo ahlukeneyo eekhemikhali ezingahambelaniyo.
Ngenxa yokuba iikhabhathi zenziwe ngezinto ezinokulawula iikhemikhali zakho ngokwenene, zimbalwa iingxaki, ukucoca ngokukhawuleza, kunye neekhabhathi ezihlala ixesha elide. Ukhuseleko luba lolwenyani, oluthembekileyo, kwaye luhambelana neqela ngesisombululo esahlukileyo.

Isiphelo: Ukhuseleko Olukhulu Lufanelwe Ziikhabhinethi Ezinkulu
Iziqwenga zekhabhinethi ezindala, ezifana neeshelufu ezibolileyo nezonakaliswe yimpahla, zigcinwa ngamaqela amaninzi okhuseleko njengezixhobo zokufundisa. Zibonisa abaqeshwa abatsha indlela elula ngayo ukuqhekeka koyilo olufana nolwenziweyo: iindawo ezizimeleyo ezikhuthaza iintlekele, isinyithi esibolileyo, kunye neepani zokuchitheka ezingafumanekiyo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iikhabhinethi ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ziba yinto ebalulekileyo kwimisebenzi yemihla ngemihla: iindawo ezineelebheli zenza kube lula ukujonga izinto ngokukhawuleza; iiyunithi eziqengqelekayo zihamba ngemigca yemveliso, kwaye iiyunithi ezincinci zilingana neelabhoratri eziqinileyo. Zisetyenziswa rhoqo kuba zihambelana nendlela esebenza ngayo ishishini, ngoko azihlali nje emakhoneni.
Ukongeza, zonke iikhabhinethi ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ezibalaseleyo zinomenzi onomdla ofanayo nawe ngokhuseleko lwabasebenzi bakho. Badala ukuthembana endaweni yeebhokisi zentsimbi kuphela. Yiba nokholo lokuba ikhabhinethi ayizukuchitheka, ukuba iya kuthobela imigaqo, kwaye iqela lakho liya kuyisebenzisa kuba ihambelana neemfuno zabo. Indawo yokusebenza ekhuselekileyo yakhelwe kuloo ntembeko.